Gender-based violence is deeply rooted in gender inequality and continues to be one of the most significant human rights violations that occurs within all societies (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2019). The Home Office (2012) noted that abuse can encompass, but is not limited to: ‘Psychological, physical, sexual, financial [or] emotional’. Women and men can experience gender-based violence, however, the majority of victims are women and girls (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2019).
Over a decade ago Bloom (2008) used the term ‘gender-based violence’ in reference to violence that occurs as a result of the normative role expectations associated with each gender, as well as the unequal power relationships between the two genders. Bloom (2008) added that men and boys can also be victims of gender-based violence. Men can experience gender-based violence from their intimate partners or other family members.
Gender-based violence and ‘violence against women’ are terms that are frequently used interchangeably, (there are other terms such as ‘domestic abuse’ as used by the Royal College of Nursing (2017)). It has been widely acknowledged that most gender-based violence is perpetrated on women and girls, by men. ‘Gender-based’ is significant as this brings to the fore the fact that many forms of violence against women are embedded in power inequalities that occur between women and men.
The World Health Assembly Member States 2016 have vowed to take global action on strengthening the role of health systems in addressing interpersonal violence, predominantly against women and girls and against children; the ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (United Nations, 2015). The UK is committed to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals and the most effective way to do this is to ensure that the goals are embedded in planned activity of each government department, including the Department of Health and Social Care.
Nurses in all spheres of practice are ideally placed to incorporate a gender-based violence assessment into their practice. Initiating conversations about gender-based violence and understanding that it can impact upon anyone at any age or stage of their lives is a first step. It is essential that the nurse is provided with education and training as well as being aware of the correct referral processes.
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2015) suggested ways in which patients can be helped with regard to gender-based domestic violence. The nurse needs to develop an understanding of domestic and sexual violence, be open-minded and be ready for the unknown and not make assumptions, create an environment that is safe and welcoming, show patients that you care, give them your full attention and remember that disclosure can be made without words. Be aware of any cues, trust your own instincts and try to determine whether the patient is in immediate danger and how referral should be made.
Each nurse has a role to play in achieving the important Sustainable Development Goals and global health challenges and being a true patient advocate. Crisp (2018) called for all nurses to engage in realising their role as we all address global health challenges.